{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:49:34Z","timestamp":1788252574297,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a fungal pathogen that infects both healthy and immunocompromised hosts. In regions where it is endemic,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            grows in the soil and causes respiratory and systemic disease when inhaled by humans. An interesting aspect of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            biology is that it adopts specialized developmental programs in response to its environment. In the soil, it grows as filamentous chains of cells (mycelia) that produce asexual spores (conidia). When the soil is disrupted, conidia aerosolize and are inhaled by mammalian hosts. Inside a host, conidia germinate into yeast-form cells that colonize immune cells and cause disease. Despite the ability of conidia to initiate infection and disease, they have not been explored on a molecular level. We developed methods to purify\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            conidia, and we show here that these cells germinate into filaments at room temperature and into yeast-form cells at 37\u00b0C. Conidia internalized by macrophages germinate into the yeast form and proliferate within macrophages, ultimately lysing the host cells. Similarly, infection of mice with purified conidia is sufficient to establish infection and yield viable yeast-form cells\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . To characterize conidia on a molecular level, we performed whole-genome expression profiling of conidia, yeast, and mycelia from two highly divergent\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains. In parallel, we used homology and protein domain analysis to manually annotate the predicted genes of both strains. Analyses of the resultant data defined sets of transcripts that reflect the unique molecular states of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            conidia, yeast, and mycelia.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00069-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,6]],"date-time":"2013-04-06T04:53:49Z","timestamp":1365224029000},"page":"828-852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Comparative Transcriptomics of Infectious Spores from the Fungal Pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum Reveals a Core Set of Transcripts That Specify Infectious and Pathogenic States"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Diane O.","family":"Inglis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Voorhies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davina R.","family":"Hocking Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Sil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"The size of the spores of Histoplasma capsulatum","volume":"39","author":"Helmbright AL","year":"1956","unstructured":"HelmbrightAL LarshHW. 1956. 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Generation of subtraction libraries for phase specific genes in the dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, p 391\u2013397. In MarescaB KobayashiGS (ed), Molecular biology of pathogenic fungi: a laboratory manual. 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