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Here, we provide a functional analysis of two major homologues of the\n            <jats:italic>velvet<\/jats:italic>\n            complex in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. chrysogenum<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which we have named\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. chrysogenum<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>velA<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>PcvelA<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and\n            <jats:italic>PclaeA<\/jats:italic>\n            . Data from array analysis using a \u0394\n            <jats:italic>PcvelA<\/jats:italic>\n            deletion strain indicate a significant role of PcVelA on the expression of biosynthesis and developmental genes, including\n            <jats:italic>PclaeA<\/jats:italic>\n            . Northern hybridization and high-performance liquid chromatography quantifications of penicillin titers clearly show that both PcVelA and PcLaeA play a major role in penicillin biosynthesis in a producer strain that underwent several rounds of UV mutagenesis during a strain improvement program. Both regulators are further involved in different developmental processes. While\n            <jats:italic>PcvelA<\/jats:italic>\n            deletion leads to light-independent conidial formation, dichotomous branching of hyphae, and pellet formation in shaking cultures, a \u0394\n            <jats:italic>PclaeA<\/jats:italic>\n            strain shows a severe impairment in conidiophore formation under both light and dark conditions. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays provide evidence for a\n            <jats:italic>velvet<\/jats:italic>\n            -like complex in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. chrysogenum<\/jats:named-content>\n            , with structurally conserved components that have distinct developmental roles, illustrating the functional plasticity of these regulators in genera other than\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aspergillus<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00077-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,12]],"date-time":"2010-06-12T02:06:53Z","timestamp":1276308413000},"page":"1236-1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Two Components of a\n            <i>velvet<\/i>\n            -Like Complex Control Hyphal Morphogenesis, Conidiophore Development, and Penicillin Biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Birgit","family":"Hoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kamerewerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestra\u00dfe 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Mitterbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestra\u00dfe 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Zadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestra\u00dfe 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"K\u00fcrnsteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestra\u00dfe 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"K\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00088-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.14.4.2503-2515.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fgbi.1999.1144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.9.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.2.527-535.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05330.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Activation of fungal silent gene clusters: a new avenue to drug discovery","volume":"66","author":"Brakhage A. 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