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The niche to which an organism is most highly adapted is the realized niche, whereas the complete range of habitats that an organism can occupy represents the fundamental niche. The growth and development of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic>\n                    on pigeon guano were examined to determine whether these two species occupy the same or different ecological niches.\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a cosmopolitan pathogenic yeast that infects predominantly immunocompromised individuals, exists in two varieties (\n                    <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\n                    [serotype A] and\n                    <jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    [serotype D]), and is commonly isolated from pigeon guano worldwide. By contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n                    often infects immunocompetent individuals and is associated with geographically restricted environments, most notably, eucalyptus trees. Pigeon guano supported the growth of both species, and a brown pigment related to melanin, a key virulence factor, was produced.\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited prolific mating on pigeon guano, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not. The observations that\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    completes the life cycle on pigeon guano but that\n                    <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n                    does not indicates that pigeon guano could represent the realized ecological niche for\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Because\n                    <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n                    grows on pigeon guano but cannot sexually reproduce, pigeon guano represents a fundamental but not a realized niche for\n                    <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Based on these studies, we hypothesize that an ancestral\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain gained the ability to sexually reproduce in pigeon guano and then swept the globe.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00097-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,20]],"date-time":"2007-04-20T20:50:19Z","timestamp":1177102219000},"page":"949-959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["<i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n                    Mates on Pigeon Guano: Implications for the Realized Ecological Niche and Globalization"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"De Obaldia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Heitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"},{"name":"Medicine"},{"name":"Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00362177885380091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.9.3127-3133.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.9.3134-3139.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.6.1476-1491.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1356-1359.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1986.tb03788.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.00991.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.8.1403-1409.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.8.1410-1419.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Cryptococcus neoformans. 1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80124-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92283-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.7.1642-1644.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"992","volume":"175","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ensley, P. 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