{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:42:46Z","timestamp":1791873766093,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The human fungal pathogen\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    produces an enlarged \u201ctitan\u201d cell morphology when exposed to the host pulmonary environment. Titan cells exhibit traits that promote survival in the host. Previous studies showed that titan cells are not phagocytosed and that increased titan cell production in the lungs results in reduced phagocytosis of cryptococcal cells by host immune cells. Here, the effect of titan cell production on host-pathogen interactions during early stages of pulmonary cryptococcosis was explored. The relationship between titan cell production and phagocytosis was found to be nonlinear; moderate increases in titan cell production resulted in profound decreases in phagocytosis, with significant differences occurring within the first 24 h of the infection. Not only were titan cells themselves protected from phagocytosis, but titan cell formation also conferred protection from phagocytosis to normal-size cryptococcal cells. Large particles introduced into the lungs were not phagocytosed, suggesting the large size of titan cells protects against phagocytosis. The presence of large particles was unable to protect smaller particles from phagocytosis, revealing that titan cell size alone is not sufficient to provide the observed cross-protection of normal-size cryptococcal cells. These data suggest that titan cells play a critical role in establishment of the pulmonary infection by promoting the survival of the entire population of cryptococcal cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00121-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,28]],"date-time":"2012-04-28T20:14:56Z","timestamp":1335644096000},"page":"820-826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["Titan Cells Confer Protection from Phagocytosis in Cryptococcus neoformans Infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Okagaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.101.4.907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04977.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.9.3179-3191.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.8.1420-1433.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01452-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"HeitmanJ. 2011. Cryptococcus: from human pathogen to model yeast. ASM Press Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-02-0133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00420-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.5.1076-1087.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.4831-4841.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.1.178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1986.tb03047.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1987.tb03090.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05179-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01171-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.19.3.1092-1096.1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00370-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.102.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.2.860","article-title":"Expression of two different antiphagocytic M proteins by Streptococcus pyogenes of the OF+ lineage","volume":"160","author":"Thern A","year":"1998","unstructured":"ThernA WastfeltM LindahlG. 1998. Expression of two different antiphagocytic M proteins by Streptococcus pyogenes of the OF+ lineage. J. Immunol. 160:860\u2013869.","journal-title":"J. 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