{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:16:41Z","timestamp":1785302201901,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , biofilm formation is considered to be a major virulence factor. Previously, we determined the ability of 33 clinical isolates causing bloodstream infection to form biofilms and identified three distinct groups of biofilm-forming strains (negative, low, and high). Here, we establish two different biofilm structures among strains forming large amounts of biofilm in which strains with complex spider-like structures formed robust biofilms on different surface materials with increased resistance to fluconazole. Surprisingly, the transcription factor Bcr1, required for biofilm formation in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. parapsilosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , has an essential role only in strains with low capacity for biofilm formation. Although\n            <jats:italic>BCR1<\/jats:italic>\n            leads to the formation of more and longer pseudohyphae, it was not required for initial adhesion and formation of mature biofilms in strains with a high level of biofilm formation. Furthermore, an additional phenotype affected by\n            <jats:italic>BCR1<\/jats:italic>\n            was the switch in colony morphology from rough to crepe, but only in strains forming high levels of biofilm. All\n            <jats:italic>bcr1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\/\u0394 mutants showed increased proteolytic activity and increased susceptibility to the antimicrobial peptides protamine and RP-1 compared to corresponding wild-type and complemented strains. Taken together, our results demonstrate that biofilm formation in clinical isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. parapsilosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is both dependent and independent of\n            <jats:italic>BCR1<\/jats:italic>\n            , but even in strains which showed a\n            <jats:italic>BCR1<\/jats:italic>\n            -independent biofilm phenotype,\n            <jats:italic>BCR1<\/jats:italic>\n            has alternative physiological functions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00181-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]],"date-time":"2013-12-03T03:13:57Z","timestamp":1386040437000},"page":"438-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Characterization of Biofilm Formation and the Role of\n            <i>BCR1<\/i>\n            in Clinical Isolates of Candida 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