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In many cases, the major surface antigen is encoded by genes from the same gene family, and its expression is strictly monoallelic. Among pathogens that undergo antigenic variation,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n            (a kinetoplastid), which causes human African trypanosomiasis,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            (an apicomplexan), which causes malaria,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:named-content>\n            (a fungus), which causes pneumonia, and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n            (a bacterium), which causes Lyme disease, also express their major surface antigens from loci next to the telomere. Except for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Plasmodium<\/jats:named-content>\n            , DNA recombination-mediated gene conversion is a major pathway for surface antigen switching in these pathogens. In the last decade, more sophisticated molecular and genetic tools have been developed in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and our knowledge of functions of DNA recombination in antigenic variation has been greatly advanced. VSG is the major surface antigen in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n            . In subtelomeric VSG expression sites (ESs),\n            <jats:italic>VSG<\/jats:italic>\n            genes invariably are flanked by a long stretch of upstream 70-bp repeats. Recent studies have shown that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), particularly those in 70-bp repeats in the active ES, are a natural potent trigger for antigenic variation in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n            . In addition, telomere proteins can influence VSG switching by reducing the DSB amount at subtelomeric regions. These findings will be summarized and their implications will be discussed in this review.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00207-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,10]],"date-time":"2015-01-10T06:24:50Z","timestamp":1420871090000},"page":"196-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Telomeres Play Important Roles in Trypanosoma brucei Antigenic Variation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bibo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case 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