{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:47:17Z","timestamp":1790621237140,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exosome-like vesicles containing virulence factors, enzymes, and antigens have recently been characterized in fungal pathogens, such as<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>. Here, we describe extracellular vesicles carrying highly immunogenic \u03b1-linked galactopyranosyl (\u03b1-Gal) epitopes in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. P. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>is a dimorphic fungus that causes human paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). For vesicle preparations, cell-free supernatant fluids from yeast cells cultivated in Ham's defined medium-glucose were concentrated in an Amicon ultrafiltration system and ultracentrifuged at 100,000 \u00d7<jats:italic>g. P. brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>antigens were present in preparations from phylogenetically distinct isolates Pb18 and Pb3, as observed in immunoblots revealed with sera from PCM patients. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), vesicle components containing \u03b1-Gal epitopes reacted strongly with anti-\u03b1-Gal antibodies isolated from both Chagas' disease and PCM patients, with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Marasmius oreades<\/jats:named-content>agglutinin (MOA) (a lectin that recognizes terminal \u03b1-Gal), but only faintly with natural anti-\u03b1-Gal. Reactivity was inhibited after treatment with \u03b1-galactosidase. Vesicle preparations analyzed by electron microscopy showed vesicular structures of 20 to 200 nm that were labeled both on the surface and in the lumen with MOA. In<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>cells, components carrying \u03b1-Gal epitopes were found distributed on the cell wall, following a punctuated confocal pattern, and inside large intracellular vacuoles. Lipid-free vesicle fractions reacted with anti-\u03b1-Gal in ELISA only when not digested with \u03b1-galactosidase, while reactivity with glycoproteins was reduced after \u03b2-elimination, which is indicative of partial O-linked chain localization. Our findings open new areas to explore in terms of host-parasite relationships in PCM and the role played<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">in vivo<\/jats:named-content>by vesicle components and \u03b1-galactosyl epitopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00227-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,8]],"date-time":"2011-01-08T03:54:03Z","timestamp":1294458843000},"page":"343-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["The Pathogenic Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Exports Extracellular Vesicles Containing Highly Immunogenic \u03b1-Galactosyl Epitopes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Milene C.","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia da Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisson L.","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia da Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciane","family":"Ganiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Biosciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968-0519"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia C. 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