{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T05:23:23Z","timestamp":1768627403204,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Systemic fungal infections contribute to at least 10% of deaths in hospital settings. Most antifungal drugs target ergosterol (polyenes) or its biosynthetic pathway (azoles and allylamines), or beta-glucan synthesis (echinocandins). Antifungal drugs that target proteins are prone to the emergence of resistant strains. Identification of genes whose mutations lead to targeted resistance can provide new information on those pathways. We used\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aspergillus nidulans<\/jats:named-content>\n            as a model system to exploit its tractable sexual cycle and calcofluor white as a model antifungal agent to cross-reference our results with other studies. Within 2 weeks from inoculation on sublethal doses of calcofluor white, we isolated 24\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. nidulans<\/jats:named-content>\n            adaptive strains from sectoring colonies. Meiotic analysis showed that these strains had single-gene mutations. In each case, the resistance was specific to calcofluor white, since there was no cross-resistance to caspofungin (echinocandin). Mutation sites were identified in two mutants by next-generation sequencing. These were confirmed by reengineering the mutation in a wild-type strain using a gene replacement strategy. One of these mutated genes was related to cell wall synthesis, and the other one was related to drug metabolism. Our strategy has wide application for many fungal species, for antifungal compounds used in agriculture as well as health care, and potentially during protracted drug therapy once drug resistance arises. We suggest that our strategy will be useful for keeping ahead in the drug resistance arms race.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00334-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,21]],"date-time":"2013-12-21T05:43:42Z","timestamp":1387604622000},"page":"288-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Using Aspergillus nidulans To Identify Antifungal Drug Resistance Mutations"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan G. W.","family":"Kaminskyj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408410903241444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01313.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Antifungal agents: mode of action in yeast cells","volume":"19","author":"Carrillo-Munoz AJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carrillo-MunozAJGiusianoGEzkurraPAQuindosG. 2006. Antifungal agents: mode of action in yeast cells. Rev. Esp. Quimioter. 19:130\u2013139.","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70265-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14472-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2009.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02037-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01102.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01380.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00412302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-007-0537-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Fundamentals of growth, storage, genetics and microscopy of Aspergillus nidulans","volume":"48","author":"Kaminskyj SGW","year":"2001","unstructured":"KaminskyjSGW. 2001. Fundamentals of growth, storage, genetics and microscopy of Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet. Newsl. 48:25\u201331.","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Newsl."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2008.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2012.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"1577","article-title":"Calcofluor white alters the assembly of chitin fibrils in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans cells","volume":"129","author":"Elorza MV","year":"1983","unstructured":"ElorzaMVRicoHSentandreuR. 1983. Calcofluor white alters the assembly of chitin fibrils in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans cells. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:1577\u20131582.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2004.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.156448"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208715109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr875"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.4727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-2-385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.139.1.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1567-1364.12042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.170.4.1950-1954.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.9.2428-2437.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164359"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"321","article-title":"Phenotype sequencing: high throughput discovery of the genetic causes of a phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Lee C","year":"2013","unstructured":"LeeCHarperM. 2013. Phenotype sequencing: high throughput discovery of the genetic causes of a phenotype. Microbe 8:321\u2013327.","journal-title":"Microbe"}],"container-title":["Eukaryotic Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/EC.00334-13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/EC.00334-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T15:07:26Z","timestamp":1645628846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/EC.00334-13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/EC.00334-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ec.00334-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-9778","1535-9786"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-9778","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-9786","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-12-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-12-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-01-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}