{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:55:08Z","timestamp":1791251708520,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]],"date-time":"2008-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1204329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>is a ubiquitous enteric protozoan found in the intestinal tracts of humans and a wide range of animals. Evidence accumulated over the last decade suggests association of<jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>with gastrointestinal disorders involving diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation, nausea, and fatigue. Clinical and experimental studies have associated<jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>with intestinal inflammation, and it has been shown that<jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>has potential to modulate the host immune response.<jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>is also reported to be an opportunistic pathogen in immunosuppressed patients, especially those suffering from AIDS. However, nothing is known about the parasitic virulence factors and early events following host-parasite interactions. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which<jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>activates interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene expression in human colonic epithelial T84 cells. We demonstrate for the first time that cysteine proteases of<jats:italic>Blastocystis ratti<\/jats:italic>WR1, a zoonotic isolate, can activate IL-8 gene expression in human colonic epithelial cells. Furthermore, we show that NF-\u03baB activation is involved in the production of IL-8. In addition, our findings show that treatment with the antiprotozoal drug metronidazole can avert IL-8 production induced by<jats:italic>B. ratti<\/jats:italic>WR1. We also show for the first time that the central vacuole of<jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>may function as a reservoir for cysteine proteases. Our findings will contribute to an understanding of the pathobiology of a poorly studied parasite whose public health importance is increasingly recognized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00371-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,22]],"date-time":"2007-12-22T01:44:35Z","timestamp":1198287875000},"page":"435-443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["<i>Blastocystis ratti<\/i>Contains Cysteine Proteases That Mediate Interleukin-8 Response from Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells in an NF-\u03baB-Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Manoj K.","family":"Puthia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597"},{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, DSO (Kent Ridge), Singapore 117510"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, DSO (Kent Ridge), Singapore 117510"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin S. W.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"296","volume":"71","year":"1911","unstructured":"Alexeieff, A. 1911. Sur la nature des formations dites kystes de Trichomonas intestinalis. C. R. Soc. Biol.71:296-298.","journal-title":"C. R. Soc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"29","volume":"23","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barahona Rondon, L., C. Maguina Vargas, C. Naquira Velarde, I. A. Terashima, and R. Tello. 2003. Human blastocystosis: prospective study symptomatology and associated epidemiological factors. Rev. Gastroenterol. Peru.23:29-35.","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroenterol. Peru."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.3.439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.1148-1155.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"725","volume":"5","year":"1912","unstructured":"Brumpt, E. 1912. Blastocystis hominis n. sp. et formes voisines. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exotique Filiates (Paris)5:725-730.","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exotique Filiates (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.24850"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.5.2304-2310.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/41493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.1.116-121.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(89)90020-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.11.4569-4574.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"653","volume":"35","year":"2005","unstructured":"El-Shazly, A. M., A. A. Abdel-Magied, S. N. El-Beshbishi, H. A. El-Nahas, M. A. Fouad, and M. S. Monib. 2005. Blastocystis hominis among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Talkha Center, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol.35:653-666.","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v23i3.1221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"206","volume":"24","year":"1992","unstructured":"Garavelli, P. L., L. Scaglione, A. Merighi, and M. Libanore. 1992. Endoscopy of blastocystosis (Zierdt-Garavelli disease). Ital. J. Gastroenterol.24:206.","journal-title":"Ital. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"41","volume":"57","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hailemariam, G., A. Kassu, G. Abebe, E. Abate, D. Damte, E. Mekonnen, and F. Ota. 2004. Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV\/AIDS and HIV seronegative individuals in a teaching hospital, Ethiopia. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.57:41-43.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(87)90055-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01921.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360100494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.47.100193.004133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.3872-3878.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.56.5.554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26496-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.11.2865-2866.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.348-355.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.46.3.308-340.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.09.040191.003153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00328-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1461-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.613-616.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"719","volume":"51","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rao, K., U. Sekar, K. T. Iraivan, G. Abraham, and P. Soundararajan. 2003. Blastocystis hominis\u2014an emerging cause of diarrhoea in renal transplant recipients. J. Assoc. Physicians India51:719-721.","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380050070012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00438-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(94)44037-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.2379-2382.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0131-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2004.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.4.563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"705","volume":"35","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tungtrongchitr, A., S. Manatsathit, C. Kositchaiwat, J. Ongrotchanakun, N. Munkong, P. Chinabutr, S. Leelakusolvong, and W. Chaicumpa. 2004. Blastocystis hominis infection in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health35:705-710.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70035-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02037.x","volume":"37","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., L. Wang, K. B. Seydel, E. Li, S. Ankri, D. Mirelman, and S. L. Stanley, Jr. 2000. Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinases with interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) activity cause intestinal inflammation and tissue damage in amoebiasis. Mol. Microbiol.37:542-548.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199408000-00006"}],"container-title":["Eukaryotic Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/EC.00371-07","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/EC.00371-07","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T19:14:33Z","timestamp":1708456473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/EC.00371-07"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/EC.00371-07"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ec.00371-07","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-9778","1535-9786"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-9778","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-9786","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-10-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-12-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}