{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:40:48Z","timestamp":1791348048201,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n            frequently infects medical devices by growing as a biofilm, i.e., a community of adherent organisms entrenched in an extracellular matrix. During biofilm growth,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. acquire the ability to resist high concentrations of antifungal drugs. One recently recognized biofilm resistance mechanism involves drug sequestration by matrix \u03b2-1,3 glucan. Using a candidate gene approach, we investigated potential\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n            \u03b2-1,3-glucan regulators, based on their homology to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , including\n            <jats:italic>SMI1<\/jats:italic>\n            and protein kinase C (PKC) pathway components. We identified a role for the\n            <jats:italic>SMI1<\/jats:italic>\n            in biofilm matrix glucan production and development of the associated drug resistance phenotype. This pathway appears to act through transcription factor Rlmp and glucan synthase Fks1p. The phenotypes of these mutant biofilms mimicked those of the\n            <jats:italic>smi1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\/\n            <jats:italic>smi1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394 biofilm, and overexpression of\n            <jats:italic>FKS1<\/jats:italic>\n            in the\n            <jats:italic>smi1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\/\n            <jats:italic>smi1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394 mutant restored the biofilm resistant phenotype. However, control of this pathway is distinct from that of the upstream PKC pathway because the\n            <jats:italic>pkc1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\/\n            <jats:italic>pkc1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394,\n            <jats:italic>bck1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\/\n            <jats:italic>bck1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394,\n            <jats:italic>mkk2<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\/\n            <jats:italic>mkk2<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394, and\n            <jats:italic>mkc1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\/\n            <jats:italic>mkc1<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394 biofilms retained the resistant phenotype of the parent strain. In addition, resistance to cell-perturbing agents and gene expression data do not support a significant role for the cell wall integrity pathway during the biofilm formation. Here we show that Smi1p functions in conjunction with Rlm1p and Fks1p to produce drug-sequestering biofilm \u03b2-glucan. Our work provides new insight into how the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilm matrix production and drug resistance pathways intersect with the planktonic cell wall integrity pathway. This novel connection helps explain how pathogens in a multicellular biofilm community are protected from anti-infective therapy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.05126-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,11]],"date-time":"2011-06-11T02:36:39Z","timestamp":1307759799000},"page":"1660-1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Interface of Candida albicans Biofilm Matrix-Associated Drug Resistance and Cell Wall Integrity Regulation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jeniel E.","family":"Nett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"William S. 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