{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:45:07Z","timestamp":1792100707468,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            While mechanisms of resistance to major antifungal agents have been characterized in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n            , little is known about the evolutionary trajectories during the emergence of drug resistance. Here, we examined the evolutionary dynamics of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n            that evolved\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            in the presence or absence of fluconazole using the visualizing evolution in real-time (VERT) method, a novel experimental approach that facilitates the systematic isolation of adaptive mutants that arise in the population. We found an increase in the frequency of adaptive events in the presence of fluconazole compared to the no-drug controls. Analysis of the evolutionary dynamics revealed that mutations that led to increased drug resistance appeared frequently and that mutants with increased levels of resistance arose in independent lineages. Interestingly, most adaptive mutants with increased fitness in the presence of the drug did not exhibit a significant fitness decrease in the absence of the drug, supporting the idea that rapid resistance can arise from mutations in strains maintained in the population prior to exposure to the drug.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.05168-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,3]],"date-time":"2011-09-03T04:41:50Z","timestamp":1315024910000},"page":"1413-1421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Evolutionary Dynamics of Candida albicans during\n            <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mian","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McClellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy C.","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, 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