{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:38:22Z","timestamp":1789436302527,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Rapid clonal antigenic variation in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Babesia bovis<\/jats:named-content>\n            involves the\n            <jats:underline>v<\/jats:underline>\n            ariant\n            <jats:underline>e<\/jats:underline>\n            rythrocyte\n            <jats:underline>s<\/jats:underline>\n            urface\n            <jats:underline>a<\/jats:underline>\n            ntigen-1 (VESA1) protein expressed on the infected-erythrocyte surface. Because of the significance of this heterodimeric protein for demonstrated mechanisms of parasite survival and virulence, there is a need to understand how expression of the\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            multigene family encoding this protein is controlled. As an initial step toward this goal, we present here initial characterization of the\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter driving transcription of VESA1a and -1b subunits. A series of transfection constructs containing various sequence elements from the\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            locus of active\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            transcription (LAT) were used to drive expression of the firefly luciferase gene in a dual luciferase-normalized assay. The results of this approach reveal the presence of two bidirectional promoter activities within the 434-bp intergenic region (IGr), influenced by putative regulatory sequences embedded within the flanking\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            1\u03b1 and\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            1\u03b2 genes. Repressor-like effects on the apposing gene were observed for intron 1 of both\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            1\u03b1 and\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            1\u03b2. This effect is apparently not dependent upon intronic promoter activity and acts only in\n            <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n            . The expression of genes within the\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            family is likely modulated by local elements embedded within\n            <jats:italic>ves<\/jats:italic>\n            coding sequences outside the intergenic promoter region in concert with chromatin modifications. These results provide a framework to help us begin to understand gene regulation during antigenic variation in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. bovis<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.05318-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,29]],"date-time":"2012-01-29T01:24:44Z","timestamp":1327800284000},"page":"260-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Characterization of the Unusual Bidirectional\n            <i>ves<\/i>\n            Promoters Driving VESA1 Expression and Associated with Antigenic Variation in Babesia bovis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ping","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Bouchut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basima","family":"Al-Khedery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Allred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761992000700051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04993.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012194851-1\/50038-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80411-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.1.91-98.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90035-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r56"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M213065200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609084103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7401063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1080109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513067200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00041-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.2.490-492.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"Primer of biostatistics","author":"Glantz SA","year":"1992","unstructured":"GlantzSA. 1992. 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