{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:23:48Z","timestamp":1792607028883,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]],"date-time":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1070236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The most common cause of fungal meningitis in humans,\n            <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype A, is a basidiomycetous yeast with a bipolar mating system. However, the vast majority (&gt;99.9%) of\n            <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype A isolates possess only one of the two mating type alleles (\n            <jats:italic>MAT\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            ). Isolates with the other allele (\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            a) were recently discovered and proven to mate in the laboratory. It has been a mystery whether and where\n            <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n            strains undergo sexual reproduction. Here, we applied population genetic approaches to demonstrate that a population of\n            <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype A clinical isolates from Botswana contains an unprecedented proportion of fertile\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            a isolates and exhibits evidence of both clonal expansion and recombination within two partially genetically isolated subgroups. Our findings provide evidence for sexual recombination among some populations of\n            <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype A from sub-Saharan Africa, which may have a direct impact on their evolution.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.2.6.1162-1168.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,10]],"date-time":"2003-12-10T02:17:48Z","timestamp":1071022668000},"page":"1162-1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Evidence of Sexual Recombination among\n            <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n            Serotype A Isolates in Sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Anastasia P.","family":"Litvintseva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Heitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"},{"name":"Medicine"},{"name":"Pharmacology and Cancer Biology"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rytas","family":"Vilgalys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8278.2000.00014.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2992285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"15","volume":"4","year":"1999","unstructured":"Benham, J., J.-U. 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