{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:34:09Z","timestamp":1791174849736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eukaryot Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Winged helix transcription factors, including members of the forkhead and the RFX subclasses, are characteristic for the eukaryotic domains in animals and fungi but seem to be missing in plants. In this study, in vitro and in vivo approaches were used to determine the functional role of the RFX transcription factor CPCR1 from the filamentous fungus\n            <jats:italic>Acremonium chrysogenum<\/jats:italic>\n            in cephalosporin C biosynthesis. Gel retardation analyses were applied to identify new binding sites of the transcription factor in an intergenic promoter region of cephalosporin C biosynthesis genes. Here, we illustrate that CPCR1 recognizes and binds at least two sequences in the intergenic region between the\n            <jats:italic>pcbAB<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>pcbC<\/jats:italic>\n            genes. The in vivo relevance of the two sequences for gene activation was demonstrated by using\n            <jats:italic>pcbC<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter-\n            <jats:italic>lacZ<\/jats:italic>\n            fusions in\n            <jats:italic>A. chrysogenum<\/jats:italic>\n            . The deletion of both CPCR1 binding sites resulted in an extensive reduction of reporter gene activity in transgenic strains (to 12% of the activity level of the control). Furthermore,\n            <jats:italic>Acremonium<\/jats:italic>\n            transformants with multiple copies of the\n            <jats:italic>cpcR1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene and knockout strains support the idea of CPCR1 being a regulator of cephalosporin C biosynthesis gene expression. Significant differences in\n            <jats:italic>pcbC<\/jats:italic>\n            gene transcript levels were obtained with the knockout transformants. More-than-twofold increases in the\n            <jats:italic>pcbC<\/jats:italic>\n            transcript level at 24 and 36 h of cultivation were followed by a reduction to approximately 80% from 48 to 96 h in the knockout strain. The overall levels of the production of cephalosporin C were identical in transformed and nontransformed strains; however, the knockout strains showed a striking reduction in the level of the biosynthesis of intermediate penicillin N to less than 20% of that of the recipient strain. We were able to show that the complementation of the\n            <jats:italic>cpcR1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene in the knockout strains reverses\n            <jats:italic>pcbC<\/jats:italic>\n            transcript and penicillin N amounts to levels comparable to those in the control. These results clearly indicate the involvement of CPCR1 in the regulation of cephalosporin C biosynthesis. However, the complexity of the data points to a well-controlled or even functional redundant network of transcription factors, with CPCR1 being only one player within this process.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.3.1.121-134.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,10]],"date-time":"2004-02-10T22:37:53Z","timestamp":1076452673000},"page":"121-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Winged Helix Transcription Factor CPCR1 Is Involved in Regulation of \u03b2-Lactam Biosynthesis in the Fungus\n            <i>Acremonium chrysogenum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Esther K.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universita\u0308t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Bunse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universita\u0308t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Janus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universita\u0308t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universita\u0308t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Friedlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandoz GmbH, A-6250 Kundl, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Ku\u0308rnsteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandoz GmbH, A-6250 Kundl, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Ku\u0308ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl fu\u0308r Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universita\u0308t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-002-0755-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"462","volume":"260","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ahn, J. 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