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Based upon recent genome sequencing, it is clear that T2S is largely restricted to the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Proteobacteria<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , occurring in many, but not all, genera in the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Alphaproteobacteria<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Betaproteobacteria<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Gammaproteobacteria<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Deltaproteobacteria<\/jats:named-content>\n                    classes. Prominent human and\/or animal pathogens that express a T2S system(s) include\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Yersinia enterocolitica<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . T2S-expressing plant pathogens include\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Dickeya dadantii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Erwinia amylovora<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pectobacterium carotovorum<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Ralstonia solanacearum<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Xanthomonas campestris<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Xanthomonas oryzae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Xylella fastidiosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . T2S also occurs in nonpathogenic bacteria, facilitating symbioses, among other things. The output of a T2S system can range from only one to dozens of secreted proteins, encompassing a diverse array of toxins, degradative enzymes, and other effectors, including novel proteins. Pathogenic processes mediated by T2S include the death of host cells, degradation of tissue, suppression of innate immunity, adherence to host surfaces, biofilm formation, invasion into and growth within host cells, nutrient assimilation, and alterations in host ion flux. The reach of T2S is perhaps best illustrated by those bacteria that clearly use it for both environmental survival and virulence; e.g.,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n                    employs T2S for infection of amoebae, growth within lung cells, dampening of cytokines, and tissue destruction. This minireview provides an update on the types of bacteria that have T2S, the kinds of proteins that are secreted via T2S, and how T2S substrates promote infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00014-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]],"date-time":"2017-03-06T20:40:52Z","timestamp":1488832852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Expanding Role of Type II Secretion in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Cianciotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-011014-015624"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02679.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1998.1791"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.6.3523-3535.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060614-034251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26364-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2012.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2013.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01545.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117884109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2013.0043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00427-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00327.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.310-321.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01739-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2013.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00031-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2008.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00194.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05375-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2012.00356.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4200-4204.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01569-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26086-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01615-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.211078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30144-5_94","volume-title":"The prokaryotes \u2013 human microbiology","author":"Cianciotto NP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cianciotto NP Hilbi H Buchrieser C . 2013. 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