{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:39:55Z","timestamp":1793659195763,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI143638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI143638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Many\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains can form two colony morphotypes: rough and smooth. The rough and smooth morphotypes differ in multiple phenotypes, including cell length and chaining, motility, biofilm production, and virulence in the hamster model of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (CDI). Colony morphology undergoes phase variation and is determined by the ON\/OFF expression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cmrRST<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which encodes a signal transduction system. Here, we test the hypothesis that differences in colony morphology and the associated phenotypes influence pathogenesis and the host response to infection. We first compared the rough and smooth colony variants of wild-type\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a mouse model of CDI. However, CmrRST phase varied during infection such that the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations became indistinguishable in feces and tissues, and no differences in disease were observed in mice inoculated with these variants. We next circumvented phase variation using mutants that form only rough or only smooth colonies. Co-infection of mice with these phenotypically locked strains revealed that the smooth colony mutant has greater fitness than the rough mutant, which is outcompeted during late infection. In addition, NanoString analyses showed a higher number of differentially expressed pro-inflammatory genes and overall higher expression levels in mice infected with the rough colony mutant, independent of bacterial burden and toxin levels. Our results indicate that in a mouse model of CDI, cells from rough colonies are more immunostimulatory during early murine infection, potentially leading to reduced relative fitness compared to cells from smooth colonies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00022-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:01:43Z","timestamp":1781010103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phase variable colony morphotypes of\n                    <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i>\n                    elicit distinct host responses during acute infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-0174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jilarie 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