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Memory T (Tm) cells play a central role in preventing the reactivation of this fungal pathogen. Among these cells, tissue-resident memory T (T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) cells quickly respond to locally invaded pathogens. This study analyzes the kinetics of effector T (Teff) cells and Tm cells in the lungs after cryptococcal infection. Emphasis is placed on the kinetics and cytokine expression of T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells in the early phase of infection. CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tm cells exhibited a rapid increase by day 3, peaked at day 7, and then either maintained their levels or exhibited a slight decrease until day 56. In contrast, CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tm cells reached their peak on day 3 and thereafter decreased up to day 56 post-infection. These Tm cells were predominantly composed of CD69\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells and CD69\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD103\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells. Disruption of the CARD9 gene resulted in reduced accumulation of these T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells and diminished interferon (IFN) -\u03b3 expression in T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells. T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells were derived from T cells with T cell receptors non-specific to ovalbumin in OT-II mice during cryptococcal infection. In addition, T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells exhibited varied behavior in different tissues. These results underscore the importance of T cells, which produce IFN-\u03b3 in the lungs during the early stage of infection, in providing early protection against cryptococcal infection through CARD9 signaling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00024-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:00:56Z","timestamp":1714726856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Innate phase production of IFN-\u03b3 by memory and effector T cells expressing early activation marker CD69 during infection with\n                    <i>Cryptococcus deneoformans<\/i>\n                    in the lungs"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Miyahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School 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