{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:16:03Z","timestamp":1791400563926,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>ticks transmit a number of human pathogens, including the Lyme disease spirochete<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi. I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>suppresses host immunity in the skin to promote feeding and systemically skew T-helper (Th)-cell differentiation toward Th2 cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Although components of tick saliva are known to influence Th-cell polarization, the mechanism whereby tick feeding in the skin modulates regional and systemic Th-cell responses is unknown. In this study, the role of the epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) subset of skin dendritic cells in tick-mediated Th1\/Th2-cell immunomodulation was assessed. Mice deficient in LCs (Langerin-DTA mice) exhibited enhanced lymph node (LN) concanavalin A (ConA)-induced Th1 responses after tick infestation in comparison to results for uninfested Langerin-DTA or wild-type (WT) mice, whereas effects on Th2-cell production of interleukin 4 were more variable. Nonetheless, the altered T-cell response did not impact tick feeding or refeeding. Gamma interferon production by ConA-stimulated LN cells of both WT and LC-deficient mice was enhanced by as much as fourfold after<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>-infected-tick feeding, indicating that immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva were not able to attenuate the Th1 immune responses induced by this pathogen. Taken together, these findings show a requirement for LCs in the tick-mediated attenuation of Th1 responses in regional lymph nodes but not in the spleens of mice and show that the presence of a pathogen can overcome the Th1-inhibitory effects of tick feeding on the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00030-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,10]],"date-time":"2009-03-10T00:55:09Z","timestamp":1236646509000},"page":"1881-1887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Langerhans Cell Deficiency Impairs<i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>Suppression of Th1 Responses in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Diana L.","family":"Vesely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durland","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Shlomchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda K.","family":"Bockenstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"501","volume":"45","year":"1982","unstructured":"Askenase, P. 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