{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:37:28Z","timestamp":1793129848106,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH NIAID DIR","award":["ZIAAI001331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIAAI001331"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major outer membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria that can modulate host immune responses during infection. Extensive studies on the LPS of well-studied organisms, such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., have elucidated many LPS pathways; however, knowledge of unique LPS structures of lesser-studied bacteria, such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , remains limited.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an intracellular pathogen that is the cause of the zoonotic disease Q fever. The highly infectious nature of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      warrants designation as a select agent by the United States Federal Select Agent Program and must be contained in a Biosafety Level three facility. Contributing to the organism\u2019s biothreat potential,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      LPS is a critical virulence determinant that dictates bacterial survival and pathogenesis. Several reviews have extensively covered\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      LPS structure and function prior to 2017, though recent findings regarding mechanisms of LPS biosynthesis, LPS-induced host immunity, and LPS elongation pose biosafety and regulatory questions that necessitate careful consideration. Here, we discuss recent (post-2017) findings related to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      LPS from scientific and biosafety perspectives that may be applicable across many fields of research. From the discovery of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      LPS phase variation by Fiset and Stoker in 1956 to the recent elucidation of specific genetic mechanisms underlying this process, the study of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      LPS is a reminder that what goes around comes around, even in research.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00030-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:56:54Z","timestamp":1787147814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What goes around comes around: updates in the study of\n                    <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>\n                    lipopolysaccharide phase variation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2448-1822","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathleen N.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health","place":["Hamilton, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02yrzyf97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Safety, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health","place":["Hamilton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Brose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02yrzyf97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Safety, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health","place":["Hamilton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"McCormick-Ell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02yrzyf97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Safety, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5030-975X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carrie Mae","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health","place":["Hamilton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c01321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0001-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.585146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00893.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.103.2.225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1997.4631361.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2013.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80338-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.3.777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1698311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.11.1777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421699112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"98","article-title":"Studies on Q fever in man","volume":"69","author":"Benenson AS","year":"1956","unstructured":"Benenson AS, Tigertt WD. 1956. 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