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Recent approval and implementation of two vaccines for use for prevention of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      malaria in children in the African region is predicted to significantly reduce the burden of this disease. However, efforts are still required to improve efficacy and durability of these vaccines in target populations, and many other challenges remain to achieve malaria eradication. These include emergence and predominance of non-falciparum malaria in countries nearing elimination of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , resurgences in malaria-free settings, and impacts of changing populations and ecology on transmission. Novel tools are needed to target neglected\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, notably\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium vivax,<\/jats:italic>\n                      the second most common cause of human malaria.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections induce robust immune responses, meaning\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium-<\/jats:italic>\n                      specific antibodies can be used as both surveillance tools and as markers of immunity to clinical disease. In this mini-review, we discuss these use cases of malaria serology. We detail the concept behind serological surveillance and the need to understand antibody longevity, and discuss the application of this approach in endemic countries for both improved surveillance and as an intervention, with a focus on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      while touching on other neglected\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. People living in malaria-endemic areas naturally gain clinical immunity to malaria, meaning sero-epidemiological studies can also be used to understand the targets and functions of protective immunity. We review new studies on protective immunity, covering research on both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and highlight how these findings can be leveraged to maximize existing and novel vaccine design.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00031-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:03:01Z","timestamp":1783951381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Malaria serology for surveillance, insights into immunity, and vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3196-2651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pailene S.","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2346-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhobert","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0469-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janani","family":"Karunarathne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-5602","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rhea J.","family":"Longley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2025. 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