{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:53:06Z","timestamp":1793508786949,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE021055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE021055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The keystone periodontal pathogen\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    produces phosphorylated dihydroceramide lipids (sphingolipids) such as phosphoethanolamine dihydroceramide (PE DHC) and phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide (PG DHC) lipids. Phosphorylated DHCs (PDHCs) from\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    can affect a number of mammalian cellular functions, such as potentiation of prostaglandin secretion from gingival fibroblasts, promotion of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, promotion of apoptosis, and enhancement of autoimmunity. In\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , these lipids affect anchoring of surface polysaccharides, resistance to oxidative stress, and presentation of surface polysaccharides (anionic polysaccharides and K-antigen capsule). In addition to phosphorylated dihydroceramide lipids, serine dipeptide lipids of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    are implicated in alveolar bone loss in chronic periodontitis through interference with osteoblast differentiation and function and promotion of osteoclast activity. As a prerequisite for designation as bacterial virulence factors, bacterial sphingolipids and serine dipeptide lipids are recovered in gingival\/periodontal tissues, tooth calculus, human blood, vascular tissues, and brain. In addition to\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , other bacteria of the genera\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacteroides<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Parabacteroides<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Porphyromonas<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Tannerella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Prevotella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    produce sphingolipids and serine dipeptide lipids. The contribution of PDHCs and serine dipeptide lipids to the pathogenesis of periodontal and extraoral diseases may be an underappreciated area in microbe-host interaction and should be more intensively investigated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00035-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]],"date-time":"2018-04-09T07:07:34Z","timestamp":1523257654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Are Sphingolipids and Serine Dipeptide Lipids Underestimated Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis?"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Ingar","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank C.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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