{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:31:22Z","timestamp":1787016682770,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, is frequently asymptomatic in women, often leading to chronic infections. One factor contributing to this may be biofilm formation.\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    can form biofilms on glass and plastic surfaces. There is also evidence that biofilm formation may occur during natural cervical infection. To further study the mechanism of gonococcal biofilm formation, we compared transcriptional profiles of\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms to planktonic profiles. Biofilm RNA was extracted from\n                    <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    1291 grown for 48 h in continuous-flow chambers over glass. Planktonic RNA was extracted from the biofilm runoff. In comparing biofilm with planktonic growth, 3.8% of the genome was differentially regulated. Genes that were highly upregulated in biofilms included\n                    <jats:italic>aniA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>norB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>ccp<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These genes encode enzymes that are central to anaerobic respiratory metabolism and stress tolerance. Downregulated genes included members of the\n                    <jats:italic>nuo<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene cluster, which encodes the proton-translocating NADH dehydrogenase. Furthermore, it was observed that\n                    <jats:italic>aniA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ccp<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>norB<\/jats:italic>\n                    insertional mutants were attenuated for biofilm formation on glass and transformed human cervical epithelial cells. These data suggest that biofilm formation by the gonococcus may represent a response that is linked to the control of nitric oxide steady-state levels during infection of cervical epithelial cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00036-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]],"date-time":"2009-06-15T20:49:52Z","timestamp":1245098992000},"page":"3522-3532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Transcriptional Profiling Identifies the Metabolic Phenotype of Gonococcal Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Falsetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Bair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan Chi","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel N.","family":"vanden Hoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Steichen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair G.","family":"McEwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Apicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(95)00018-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00779-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2004.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04807.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4368-4369.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)80241-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"332","volume":"56","year":"2007","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. 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