{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:11:24Z","timestamp":1783498284892,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI039558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI039558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI178272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI178272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that if left untreated can cause reproductive harm. Failure of natural adaptive immunity results in chronic and repeat infections. In efforts to understand the failure of adaptive immunity, we have previously discovered that CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T cells, normally integral for controlling intracellular pathogen infections, are misprogrammed by PD-1\/PD-L1 signaling during\n              <jats:italic>in vivo C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              infection and fail to mount a protective response. Seeking to uncover the pathways and host factors involved in PD-L1 upregulation that may lead to CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T-cell inhibition, we discovered that\n              <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              triggers the secretion of host type I interferons (IFNs) that are necessary and sufficient to upregulate PD-L1\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              . Additionally, secretion of type I IFNs is dependent on\n              <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              development and its type III secretion system. We have also validated that type I IFNs contribute to upregulation of PD-L1 during\n              <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              infection\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              using a mouse model of infection. Overall, these findings reveal that\n              <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              induction of this host pathway may contribute to adaptive immune evasion.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00040-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T13:00:33Z","timestamp":1741784433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Type I IFNs contribute to upregulation of PD-L1 during\n            <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n            infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7820-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole V.","family":"Reinhold-Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, 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