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Microbial production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, contributes to colonization resistance.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      encounters short-chain fatty acids at several stages during intestinal infection. However, our understanding of how\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      copes with SCFA stress is limited. Here, we found that acetate, propionate, and butyrate restrict\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Propionate exerted the most potent toxicity by both pH-dependent and pH-independent mechanisms. pH-dependent propionate growth restriction was worsened in a mutant lacking ornithine decarboxylase, suggesting that this enzyme is involved in counteracting cytoplasmic acidification by propionate under acidic environmental conditions. pH-independent propionate toxicity required phosphate acetyltransferase (phosphotransacetylase) and acetate kinase, pointing to conversion of intracellular propionate to toxic propionyl-CoA by promiscuous phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase activities as a mechanism of propionate toxicity. We also found that pH-independent propionate toxicity was alleviated by exogenous acetate, taken up via the acetate\/succinate transporter SatP. This work advances our understanding of how short-chain fatty acids restrict pathogen growth and highlights strategies used by bona fide pathogens to overcome short-chain fatty acid-mediated colonization resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00043-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:18:40Z","timestamp":1776262720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acetate uptake alleviates propionate-mediated growth restriction in\n                    <i>Yersinia enterocolitica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Muramatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ets8c94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis School of Medicine","place":["Davis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ets8c94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis School of Medicine","place":["Davis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian J.","family":"Perez-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ets8c94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis School of Medicine","place":["Davis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1532-9178","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian E.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ets8c94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis School of Medicine","place":["Davis, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rrcem69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis School of Medicine","place":["Davis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.2.242"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.17.1.35-40.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199303000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655201750066004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90207-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2450\/2015.0209-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/121.5.705"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)80021-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03340280033023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0526"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408410903382581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-7125(16)31412-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5107(90)71169-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198206000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3535"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00833-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.120.5.805"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.8.1.30-35.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.45.1.185-191.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids produced by intestinal bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Topping DL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Topping DL. 1996. 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