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Even less is known about how exit through these pathways affects downstream host-pathogen interactions and the generation of an immune response.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>exits host epithelial cells through two equally active mechanisms: lysis and extrusion. Studies have characterized the outcome of interactions between host innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, and free, extracellular<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>bacteria, such as those resulting from lysis. Exit via extrusion generates a distinct, host-membrane-bound compartment of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>separate from the original infected cell. In this study, we assessed the effect of containment within extrusions upon the interaction between<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>and host dendritic cells. Extrusion dramatically affected the outcome of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>-dendritic cell interactions for both the bacterium and the host cell. Dendritic cells rapidly underwent apoptosis in response to engulfment of an extrusion, while uptake of an equivalent dose of free<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>had no such effect. Containment within an extrusion also prolonged bacterial survival within dendritic cells and altered the initial innate immune signaling by the dendritic cell.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00046-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T01:30:23Z","timestamp":1487727023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Chlamydia trachomatis Cellular Exit Alters Interactions with Host Dendritic Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Sherrid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Hybiske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00105-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198707000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2005.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2442-2447.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703218104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00200-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046949"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/126.6.652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.8.3065-3073.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.11.4830-4833.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02113.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod45.2.252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86373"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7231-7239.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200203)32:3<742::AID-IMMU742>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.10.6327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02719.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.5.809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1763-1769.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Dendritic cells: translating innate to adaptive immunity","volume":"311","author":"Steinman RM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steinman RM Hemmi H . 2006. 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