{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T18:57:48Z","timestamp":1790535468276,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Biofilms contribute to\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            persistence in a variety of diseases, including cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, and chronic suppurative otitis media. However, few studies have directly addressed\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilms\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . We used a chinchilla model of otitis media, which has previously been used to study persistent\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections, to show that structures formed\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            are biofilms of bacterial and host origin within a matrix that includes Psl, a\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilm polysaccharide. We evaluated three biofilm and\/or virulence mediators of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            known to affect biofilm formation\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and pathogenesis\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014bis-(3\u2032,5\u2032)-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP), flagella, and quorum sensing\u2014in a chinchilla model. We show that c-di-GMP overproduction has a positive impact on bacterial persistence, while quorum sensing increases virulence. We found no difference in persistence attributed to flagella. We conclude from these studies that a chinchilla otitis media model provides a means to evaluate pathogenic mediators of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            and that\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            phenotypes should be examined in multiple infection systems to fully understand their role in disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00057-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]],"date-time":"2011-06-07T04:40:50Z","timestamp":1307421650000},"page":"3087-3095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Direct Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Mediators in a Chronic Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Byrd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhou","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Waligora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Juneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsie E.","family":"Armbruster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen E. D.","family":"Weimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Murrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan E.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"},{"name":"Infectious Disease, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Sprinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"},{"name":"Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Parsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy D.","family":"Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"},{"name":"Department of Pathology\/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"},{"name":"Infectious Disease, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"},{"name":"Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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