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However, therapeutic approaches that have dual host-modulatory and antimicrobial therapeutic effects remain limited. Mammalian targeting MEK1\/2 inhibitor compounds represent one class of small molecules that have now been recognized to have anti-viral effects through disruption of viral replication in epithelial cells and have direct anti-bacterial effects on gram-positive bacteria. MEK1\/2 inhibitors elicit anti-inflammatory effects during\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and injury models that also include models of infection with gram-negative bacteria and parasites. This review aims to summarize progress made in understanding the effects of MEK1\/2 inhibitor compounds on host innate immune cells and will highlight experimental models of infection or injury in which MEK1\/2 inhibitors have been evaluated. The direct and indirect antimicrobial effects of MEK1\/2 inhibitor compounds and the emerging recognition of different roles of MEK1 and MEK2 in programming cellular responses will be identified and discussed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00064-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:02:35Z","timestamp":1780578155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual host and pathogen targeting by MEK1\/2 inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7083-4411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eryn","family":"Zuiker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00c01js51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center","place":["Columbus, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00c01js51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Dorothy M. 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