{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:11Z","timestamp":1792787231982,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina","award":["LPDS 2012-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LPDS 2012-10"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI118426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI118426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bioluminescent reporter assays have been widely used to study the effect of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    on host gene expression. In the present study, we extend these studies by engineering novel reporter cell lines containing a gamma-activated sequence (GAS) element driving firefly luciferase (FLUC). In RAW264.7 macrophages,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    type I strain (GT1) infection blocked interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3)-induced FLUC activity to a significantly greater extent than infection by type II (ME49) and type III (CTG) strains. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of progeny from a prior genetic cross identified a genomic region on chromosome XII that correlated with the observed strain-dependent phenotype. This QTL region contains two isoforms of the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    enzyme nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (NTPase) that were the prime candidates for mediating the observed strain-specific effect. Using reverse genetic analysis we show that deletion of NTPase I from a type I strain (RH) background restored the higher luciferase levels seen in the type II (ME49) strain. Rather than an effect on IFN-\u03b3-dependent transcription, our data suggest that NTPase I was responsible for the strain-dependent difference in FLUC activity due to hydrolysis of ATP. We further show that NTPases I and II were not essential for tachyzoite growth\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    or virulence in mice. Our study reveals that although\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    NTPases are not essential for immune evasion, they can affect ATP-dependent reporters. Importantly, this limitation was overcome using an ATP-independent\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Gaussia<\/jats:named-content>\n                    luciferase, which provides a more appropriate reporter for use with\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00077-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]],"date-time":"2016-04-18T23:13:41Z","timestamp":1461021221000},"page":"1994-2001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Functional Analysis of the Role of Toxoplasma gondii Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases I and II in Acute Mouse Virulence and Immune Suppression"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Olias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. David","family":"Sibley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP. 2010. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 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Bioluminescence and chemiluminescence: current status. Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172117099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313501111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.5.1332-1335.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.749"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002483"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00220-X"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00077-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00077-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T05:25:28Z","timestamp":1646457928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00077-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"J. 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