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The isogenic Nine Mile phase II (NMII) strain can be cultured safely at biosafety level 2 and has been shown to infect immunocompromised mice, which suggests this strain could be used to investigate virulence phenotypes\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This study developed a bioluminescent imaging (BLI) model using NMII to non-invasively monitor\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in mice. Here, we show that BLI enables tracking of bacteria in an animal host, identification of bacterial virulence differences, and investigation of host determinants of immunity. Using BLI, we show that NMII resides primarily in visceral adipose tissue following intraperitoneal infection of mice. Intracellular replication of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in adipocytes was confirmed using cultured cells\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These data indicate that adipose tissue can serve as a niche for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      replication. This study underscores the utility of BLI in advancing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      research and highlights the need for further exploration into the role of adipocytes in the disease Q fever and bacterial persistence\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00080-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T10:54:22Z","timestamp":1751280862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bioluminescent imaging to investigate\n                    <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>\n                    pathogenesis identifies adipose tissue as a host niche for infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4014-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna M.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-440X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Craig R.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.2469-2477.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9361802"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54556-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02763-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2016-0044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00175-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00226-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812074106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00758-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2021. 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