{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:17:36Z","timestamp":1792801056399,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hookworm infection is a major cause of anemia and malnutrition in resource-poor countries. Human and animal studies suggest that infection with these intestinal nematodes is associated with impaired cellular immunity, characterized by reduced lymphocyte proliferation in response to both parasite and heterologous antigens. We report here data from studies aimed at defining mechanisms through which hookworms modulate the host cellular immune response. Splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from hamsters infected with<jats:italic>Ancylostoma ceylanicum<\/jats:italic>showed minimal proliferation in response to mitogen at days 20 and 30 postinfection (p.i.), with partial recovery noted at day 70 p.i. The proliferative capacity of enriched splenocyte T-cell preparations from infected animals following stimulation with hookworm antigens was partially restored in the presence of antigen-presenting cells from uninfected hamsters. Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed that hookworm infection is associated with reduced percentages of both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and surface immunoglobulin G-positive lymphocytes in the spleen and MLN cells. Splenocytes from infected hamsters also secreted more nitric oxide (NO) in culture than did those from nai\u0308ve animals. Inhibition of NO secretion was associated with partial restoration of the proliferative capacity of splenocytes from infected animals in response to concanavalin A, suggesting a role for NO in mediating this effect. Together, these data demonstrate that hookworm infection is associated with impaired function of antigen-presenting cells and depletion of important lymphocyte subpopulations and also suggests a role for NO in parasite-induced immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00094-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]],"date-time":"2008-03-18T00:48:32Z","timestamp":1205801312000},"page":"2560-2567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Role for Nitric Oxide in Hookworm-Associated Immune Suppression"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Blaise","family":"Dondji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Bungiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon J.","family":"Vermeire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Bifulco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"McMahon-Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"name":"Epidemiology &amp; Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"},{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"name":"Epidemiology &amp; Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/8.1.143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68653-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409461102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1001-907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00090-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01689-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200410000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607002103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02725-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.120501.134539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2829-2836.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.65.2.162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"508","volume":"72","year":"1991","unstructured":"Else, K. J., and R. K. Grencis. 1991. Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. I. Differential cytokine production during acute or chronic infection. Immunology72:508-513.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00821.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200006220X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00344.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00950.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02449.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3285822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4313-4319.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"S135","volume":"14","year":"1998","unstructured":"Graziosi, C., H. Soudeyns, G. P. Rizzardi, P. A. Bart, A. Chapuis, and G. Pantaleo. 1998. Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir.14(Suppl. 2):S135-S142.","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2126(90)90098-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2006.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.289-295.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.2.550","volume":"138","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hibbs, J. B., Jr., Z. Vavrin, and R. R. Taintor. 1987. l-Arginine is required for expression of the activated macrophage effector mechanism causing selective metabolic inhibition in target cells. J. Immunol.138:550-565.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"414","volume":"114","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kalinkovich, A., Z. Weisman, Z. Greenberg, J. Nahmias, S. Eitan, M. Stein, and Z. Bentwich. 1998. Decreased CD4 and increased CD8 counts with T cell activation is associated with chronic helminth infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol.114:414-421.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60722-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.11.4915-4918.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000196353.04494.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.57.1.183-289.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156652407780059177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.2.529-536.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000028107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10731199509117960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.6.3402-3407.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"221","volume":"23","year":"1994","unstructured":"Olatunde, B. O., and G. C. Onyemelukwe. 1994. Immunosuppression in Nigerians with hookworm infection. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci.23:221-225.","journal-title":"Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"255","volume":"30","year":"2001","unstructured":"Onyemelukwe, G. C., and B. O. Musa. 2001. T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with hookworm infection in Zaria, Nigeria. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci.30:255-259.","journal-title":"Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.9.5519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000067123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1233-1236.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.1.346","volume":"147","year":"1991","unstructured":"Soboslay, P. T., C. M. Dreweck, H. R. Taylor, B. Brotman, P. Wenk, and B. M. Greene. 1991. Experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees. Cell-mediated immune responses, and production and effects of IL-1 and IL-2 with Onchocerca volvulus infection. J. Immunol.147:346-353.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000006491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830221041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01887-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(81)90134-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1306-x"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00094-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00094-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T03:30:20Z","timestamp":1684294220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00094-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00094-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00094-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-01-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-03-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}