{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:11Z","timestamp":1792787231729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 AI034431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI034431"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 AI052473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI052473"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["U01 AI0088752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI0088752"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R25 TW009338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 TW009338"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 TW009504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 TW009504"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["D43 TW00919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW00919"]}]},{"name":"CNPq\/Brazil","award":["PhD Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD Fellowship"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The pathogen\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is a highly motile spirochete that causes acute and fulminant infections in humans and other accidental hosts. Hematogenous dissemination is important for infection by the pathogen but remains poorly understood because few animal model studies have used sensitive tools to quantify the bacteria. We evaluated the kinetics of leptospiral infection in Golden Syrian hamsters by a sensitive quantitative real-time PCR (TaqMan) with\n                    <jats:italic>lipl32<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the target gene. The dissemination and bacterial burden were measured after intraperitoneal infection with a high dose (10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) or low dose (2.5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) of leptospires. We also examined the conjunctival challenge route to mimic the natural history of infection. Quantification of leptospires in perfused animals revealed that pathogens were detected in all organs of intraperitoneally infected hamsters, including the eye and brain, within 1 h after inoculation of 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    virulent\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    bacteria. Peaks of 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    leptospires per gram or per milliliter were achieved in blood and all tissues between day 4 and day 8 after intraperitoneal inoculation of high- and low-dose challenges, respectively, coinciding with macroscopic and histological changes. The conjunctival route resulted in a delay in the time to peak organ burden in comparison to intraperitoneal infection, indicating that although infection could be established, penetration efficiency was low across this epithelial barrier. Surprisingly, infection with a large inoculum of high-passage-number attenuated\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strains resulted in dissemination to all organs in the first 4 days postinfection, albeit with a lower burden, followed by clearance from the blood and organs 7 days postinfection and survival of all animals. These results demonstrate that leptospiral dissemination and tissue invasion occur. In contrast, development of a critical level of tissue burden and pathology are dependent on the virulence of the infecting strain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00094-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,2]],"date-time":"2016-05-02T21:59:30Z","timestamp":1462226370000},"page":"2105-2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Real-Time PCR Reveals Rapid Dissemination of Leptospira interrogans after Intraperitoneal and Conjunctival Inoculation of Hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Elsio A.","family":"Wunder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Division, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio P.","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisele R.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristel","family":"Lourdault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 de Biologie des Spiroch\u00e8tes, Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Matthias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Haake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Picardeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 de Biologie des Spiroch\u00e8tes, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitermayer G.","family":"dos Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Division, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.066597-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"820","article-title":"Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil","volume":"354","author":"Ko AI","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ko AI, Galvao Reis M, Ribeiro Dourado CM, Johnson WD, Jr, Riley LW. 1999. Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group. Lancet 354:820\u2013825.","journal-title":"Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group. Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.23.3.377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6926-6932.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virulence in Leptospira. I","volume":"38","author":"Faine S","year":"1957","unstructured":"Faine S. 1957. Virulence in Leptospira. I. Reactions of guinea-pigs to experimental infection with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Br J Exp Pathol 38:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Reactions of guinea-pigs to experimental infection with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003307"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Virulence in leptospira. II","volume":"38","author":"Faine S","year":"1957","unstructured":"Faine S. 1957. Virulence in leptospira. II. The growth in vivo of virulent Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Br J Exp Pathol 38:8\u201314.","journal-title":"The growth in vivo of virulent Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"264","article-title":"Virulence and distribution of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in experimental guinea pig infections","volume":"25","author":"Green JH","year":"1964","unstructured":"Green JH, Arean VM. 1964. Virulence and distribution of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in experimental guinea pig infections. Am J Vet Res 25:264\u2013267.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.008169-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10904.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.14.3.703-708.1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","article-title":"Hamster model of leptospirosis","volume":"12","author":"Haake DA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haake DA. 2006. Hamster model of leptospirosis. Curr Protoc Microbiol Chapter 12:Unit 12E.12.","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.832"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.848-853.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: a serum-free medium employing oleic albumin complex","volume":"26","author":"Ellinghausen HC","year":"1965","unstructured":"Ellinghausen HC, Jr, McCullough WG. 1965. Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: a serum-free medium employing oleic albumin complex. Am J Vet Res 26:39\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.94.1.27-31.1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.7.2164-2172.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05168-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","volume-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","author":"Faine S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P (ed). 1999. Leptospira and leptospirosis. MediSci, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-353-4_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(89)90066-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01953835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(03)00166-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1453-1455.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003359"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(86)90086-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.141099"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00094-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00094-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T05:25:58Z","timestamp":1646457958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00094-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"G. H.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00094-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00094-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-04-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-06-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}