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Strategies that prevent plague have been sought for centuries, and immunization with live, attenuated (nonpigmented) strains or subunit vaccines with F1 (Caf1) antigen is considered effective. We show here that immunization with live, attenuated strains generates plague-protective immunity and humoral immune responses against F1 pilus antigen and LcrV.<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>variants lacking<jats:italic>caf1<\/jats:italic>(F1 pili) are not only fully virulent in animal models of bubonic and pneumonic plague but also break through immune responses generated with live, attenuated strains or F1 subunit vaccines. In contrast, immunization with purified LcrV, a protein at the tip of type III needles, generates protective immunity against the wild-type and the fully virulent<jats:italic>caf1<\/jats:italic>mutant strain, in agreement with the notion that LcrV can elicit vaccine protection against both types of virulent plague strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00105-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]],"date-time":"2008-03-18T00:48:32Z","timestamp":1205801312000},"page":"2025-2036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["<i>Yersinia pestis caf1<\/i>Variants and the Limits of Plague Vaccine Protection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Lauriane E.","family":"Quenee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire A.","family":"Cornelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Ciletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Elli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Schneewind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.11.4580-4585.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2180-2187.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.434-464.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5091-5099.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.68.2.131","volume":"68","year":"1952","unstructured":"Baker, E. 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