{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:06:38Z","timestamp":1790708798027,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pathogenically diverse<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>spp. can have surprisingly similar genomes.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>isolates that cause trachoma, sexually transmitted genital tract infections (chlamydia), and invasive lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and the murine strain<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:named-content>share 99% of their gene content. A region of high genomic diversity between<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>spp. termed the plasticity zone (PZ) may encode niche-specific virulence determinants that dictate pathogenic diversity. We hypothesized that PZ genes might mediate the greater virulence and gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) resistance of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>compared to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>in the murine genital tract. To test this hypothesis, we isolated and characterized a series of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>PZ nonsense mutants. Strains with nonsense mutations in chlamydial cytotoxins,<jats:italic>guaBA-add<\/jats:italic>, and a phospholipase D homolog developed normally in cell culture. Two of the cytotoxin mutants were less cytotoxic than the wild type, suggesting that the cytotoxins may be functional. However, none of the PZ nonsense mutants exhibited increased IFN-\u03b3 sensitivity in cell culture or were profoundly attenuated in a murine genital tract infection model. Our results suggest that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>PZ genes are transcribed\u2014and some may produce functional proteins\u2014but are dispensable for infection of the murine genital tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00106-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T01:41:12Z","timestamp":1430790072000},"page":"2870-2881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Mutational Analysis of the Chlamydia muridarum Plasticity Zone"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Krithika","family":"Rajaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Giebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine H.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra G.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laszlo","family":"Kari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9747-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00563-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/7716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.6.1397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00516.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6407-6418.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/525285"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.12.5529","article-title":"IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial response. indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mutant host cells no longer inhibit intracellular Chlamydia spp. or Toxoplasma growth","volume":"150","author":"Thomas SM","year":"1993","unstructured":"Thomas SM, Garrity LF, Brandt CR, Schobert CS, Feng GS, Taylor MW, Carlin JM, Byrne GI. 1993. IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial response. indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mutant host cells no longer inhibit intracellular Chlamydia spp. or Toxoplasma growth. J Immunol 150:5529\u20135534.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203937200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504198102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102229108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)80102-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01191.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01455-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.73-80.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241377698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7063-7072.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2013.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.31.3.1161-1176.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01034-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","volume-title":"A short course in bacterial genetics: A laboratory manual and handbook for Escherichia coli and related bacteria","author":"Miller JH","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miller JH. 1992. A short course in bacterial genetics: A laboratory manual and handbook for Escherichia coli and related bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Experiments in molecular genetics","author":"Miller JH","year":"1972","unstructured":"Miller JH. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-413-1:205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3684805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.14.1.277-289.1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009887"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.1.324-332.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2914-2924.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.6.3541","article-title":"Differential sensitivity of distinct Chlamydia trachomatis isolates to IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition","volume":"162","author":"Perry LL","year":"1999","unstructured":"Perry LL, Su H, Feilzer K, Messer R, Hughes S, Whitmire W, Caldwell HD. 1999. Differential sensitivity of distinct Chlamydia trachomatis isolates to IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition. J Immunol 162:3541\u20133548.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.12.4661-4668.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00386-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.1.63"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207300109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26734-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00959.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.3.1441-1451.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01828-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsi027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00450-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00147-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","volume-title":"The mouse in biomedical research","author":"Rank RG","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rank RG. 2006. Chlamydial diseases. The mouse in biomedical research. Elsevier, San Diego, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.6.2145-2152.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.9.5402-5411.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02130.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00106-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00106-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T01:57:58Z","timestamp":1691632678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00106-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"C. R.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00106-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00106-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-01-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-06-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}