{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:57:19Z","timestamp":1791262639784,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe experimental infections with<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>have been reported in immunocompromised animals such as SCID mice (mice without functional T cells and B cells). In a<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>infection with 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>oocysts\/mouse in SCID beige (SCIDbg) mice (SCID mice lacking functional NK cells), oocyst shedding was first demonstrated 18 days after infection. However, shedding was shown as early as 3 days after the same infection in SCIDbgMN mice. All of the SCIDbgMN mice died within 16 days of<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>infection, while 100% of the SCIDbg mice exposed to the parasite survived. SCIDbgMN mice are SCIDbg mice depleted of functional macrophages (M\u03c6) and neutrophils (PMN), suggesting that the severity early after<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>infection is strongly influenced by the functions of M\u03c6 and PMN. All SCIDbgMN mice orally infected with a lethal dose of<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>survived after they were inoculated with M\u03c6 from SCIDbg mice exposed to<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>(CP-M\u03c6) or resident M\u03c6 previously cultured with PMN from<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>-infected SCIDbg mice (CP-PMN). However, all SCIDbgMN mice inoculated with CP-PMN alone or resident M\u03c6 alone died after<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>infection. CP-M\u03c6 were identified as classically activated M\u03c6 (M1M\u03c6), and CP-PMN were characterized as PMN-I. In in vitro studies, resident M\u03c6 converted to M1M\u03c6 after transwell cultivation with CP-PMN. These results indicate that the resistance of SCIDbg mice early after<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>infection is displayed through the function of M1M\u03c6 which are converted from resident M\u03c6 influenced by CP-PMN (PMN-I).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00112-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,3]],"date-time":"2008-06-03T00:57:02Z","timestamp":1212454622000},"page":"3657-3663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Cooperative Role of Macrophages and Neutrophils in Host Antiprotozoan Resistance in Mice Acutely Infected with<i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vickie C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujio","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.3947-3951.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.2.697-699.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.390-400.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.749"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"145","volume":"50","year":"1994","unstructured":"Boher, Y., I. 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