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Since tissue expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and costimulatory molecules is a key mechanism for regulating effector T cells, we tested the hypothesis that upregulation of these proteins in the retina contributes to the regulation of CD4 T cells. Here we report that in retinas infected with the protozoan parasite<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, MHC class II is upregulated on infiltrating leukocytes as well as on resident retinal cells, including photoreceptors. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that B7 costimulatory family members (CD80, CD86, ICOS-L, and programmed death ligand 2 [PD-L2]) were not expressed on class II<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells. In contrast, PD-L1 (also named B7-H1 or CD274) was expressed on the majority of both hematopoietic and resident retinal MHC class II-expressing cells. Retinal cells from<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>-infected animals were able to suppress T-cell activation in a PD-L1-dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrate that the expression of MHC class II and PD-L1 was critically dependent on gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) expression. These data suggest that retinal MHC class II and PD-L1 expression is a novel mechanism by which the retina protects itself from CD4 T-cell-mediated immune damage in ocular toxoplasmosis and other types of retinal immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00117-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,25]],"date-time":"2010-05-25T02:23:54Z","timestamp":1274754234000},"page":"3484-3492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["CD4 T-Cell Suppression by Cells from<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>-Infected Retinas Is Mediated by Surface Protein PD-L1"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Charles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Ash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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