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In this study, we investigated whether juvenile\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                      could be used as an infection model for human pathogenic bacteria.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                      frogs succumbed to intraperitoneal injection containing the human pathogenic bacteria\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In contrast, non-pathogenic bacteria\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      did not induce mortality in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                      frogs. The administration of appropriate antibiotics suppressed mortality caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Strains lacking the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">agr<\/jats:italic>\n                      locus,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cvfA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rny<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene, or hemolysin genes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , LIPI-1-deleted mutant of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which attenuate virulence within mammals, exhibited reduced virulence in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                      frogs compared with their respective wild-type counterparts. Bacterial distribution analysis revealed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      persisted in the blood, liver, heart, and muscles of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                      frogs until death. These results suggested that intraperitoneal injection of human pathogenic bacteria induces sepsis-like symptoms in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                      frogs, supporting their use as a valuable animal model for evaluating antimicrobial efficacy and identifying virulence genes in various human pathogenic bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00126-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T10:10:17Z","timestamp":1746094217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Xenopus laevis<\/i>\n                    as an infection model for human pathogenic 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