{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T08:21:12Z","timestamp":1743063672977},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In previous studies using a murine model of filarial infection, granuloma formation was found to be a most important host-protective mechanism. We have also shown that<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>cytoadherence is a surrogate for the formation of antifilarial granulomas<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and that it requires \u201calternatively activated\u201d host cells and a source of antifilarial antibody. We show here that antibodies against L3 excretory\/secretory (E\/S) products can facilitate<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>cytoadherence. We generated a set of hybridomas reactive with filarial E\/S products and screened them for their ability to mediate<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>cytoadherence. One clone (no. 1E9) was positive in this assay. We then screened a novel expression library of filarial antigens displayed on the surface of T7 bacteriophage for reactivity with 1E9. Phage expressing two filarial antigens (TCTP and BmALT-2) reacted with 1E9. Immunization of mice showed that the cohort immunized with BmALT-2 cleared a challenge infection with infective<jats:italic>Brugia pahangi<\/jats:italic>L3 in an accelerated manner, whereas cohorts immunized with TCTP cleared larvae with the same kinetics as in unimmunized mice. These data confirm that BmALT-2 is the antigenic target of granuloma-mediated killing of<jats:italic>B. pahangi<\/jats:italic>L3. Our findings also confirm previous studies that BmALT-2 is a potential vaccine candidate for filarial infection. Our data reinforce the work of others and also provide a possible mechanism by which immune responses to BmALT-2 may provide host protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00128-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,16]],"date-time":"2010-11-16T05:57:00Z","timestamp":1289887020000},"page":"838-845","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Granuloma Formation around Filarial Larvae Triggered by Host Responses to an Excretory\/Secretory Antigen"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Yashodhara","family":"Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramaswamy","family":"Kalyanasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gnanasekar","family":"Munirathinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard D.","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. 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