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Since\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      species reside in mucus, OMVs are likely to represent a mechanism of communication between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the host. Two strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      were studied: enterotoxigenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ETBF), which produces BFT-2, and the non-toxigenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain NCTC 9343 (NTBF), which does not produce BFT-2. We also utilized two additional strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      : one in which\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bft<\/jats:italic>\n                      -2 was knocked out (ETBF \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bft<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and one that was engineered to contain\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bft-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTBF+\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bft<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). We report that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      OMVs reduced CFTR Cl\u207b secretion, but had no effect on tight junction or cell adhesion proteins, transepithelial resistance (TER), or cytokine secretion by primary human colon organoids. NTBF OMVs containing BFT-2 were more effective in reducing CFTR Cl\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      secretion than NTBF lacking BFT-2. By contrast, deletion of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bft<\/jats:italic>\n                      in ETBF did not have a significant effect on CFTR Cl\u207b secretion compared to ETBF. We conclude that OMVs secreted by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      can be an important mechanism of host-pathogen interactions in the colon by reducing CFTR Cl\u207b secretion, and that the effect of BFT-2 on CFTR Cl\u207b secretion is dependent on the strain of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00129-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:00:38Z","timestamp":1780056038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outer membrane vesicles secreted by\n                    <i>Bacteroides fragilis<\/i>\n                    inhibit CFTR chloride secretion by human colon 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