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This antimicrobial efficacy is independent of its disulfide bonds and is enhanced when the peptide is membrane-tethered. Apamin selectively inhibits pathogenic bacteria, such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while promoting beneficial bacteria like\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus plantarum,<\/jats:italic>\n                      thereby improving the gut microbiome. This gut-localized antimicrobial activity is associated with increased intestinal stem cell proliferation, midgut acidification, and enteroendocrine cell calcium signaling. Furthermore, apamin\u2019s antimicrobial function relies on specific peptidoglycan recognition proteins, particularly PGRP-LA and PGRP-SCs. Apamin expression alone is sufficient to restore the integrity of the gut barrier compromised by stressful conditions. Ultimately, apamin supplementation enhances honeybee gut health in the presence of ingested bacteria. The expression of other honeybee antimicrobial peptides also significantly reduces bacterial infection in flies. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of honeybee venom peptides and antimicrobial peptides functions, utilizing the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      model system to unravel their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00131-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T09:00:21Z","timestamp":1749114021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Investigating the immunomodulatory effects of honeybee venom peptide apamin in\n                    <i>Drosophila<\/i>\n                    platforms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS), School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS), School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS), School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianmu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS), School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS), School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zekun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS), School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS), School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyong","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-4177","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Woo Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS), School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01yqg2h08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Medical and Health Research Institute, Zhengzhou Research Institute of HIT","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2980\/i1195-6860-12-3-289.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146498"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2015.1109919"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060717"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162997"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/245163a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Chemistry and pharmacology of honey-bee venom","author":"Banks BE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banks BE, Shipolini RA. 2013. 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