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Here we confirm such a result for clinical isolates obtained from patients treated in Argentinean hospitals. Moreover, we demonstrate that the expression of TTSS-associated proteins is independent both of the year in which the isolate was obtained and of the types of polymorphic alleles for other virulence factors but is dependent on environmental growth conditions. Interestingly, we observed that TTSS-associated protein expression is lost after successive<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>passages but becomes operative again when bacteria come into contact with the host. This<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>activation of TTSS expression was observed not only for clinical isolates previously adapted to the laboratory after successive<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>passages but also for vaccine strains that did not express the system<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The reversibility of TTSS expression, demonstrated by its switching off-on when the bacterium comes into contact with the host, appears to be an adaptive response of this pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00136-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]],"date-time":"2011-07-06T03:06:44Z","timestamp":1309921604000},"page":"3677-3682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Laboratory Adaptation of Bordetella pertussis Is Associated with the Loss of Type Three Secretion System Functionality"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"M. 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