{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:51:39Z","timestamp":1793778699901,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5F31AI183732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5F31AI183732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15AI109591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15AI109591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI166467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI166467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an intestinal protozoan transmitted through contaminated food and water and is a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide and has been linked to post-infectious sequelae and growth impairment in children. Quantifying parasite burden\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      is essential for studying infection dynamics and host responses, yet commonly used methods (stool PCR, antigen detection, and terminal trophozoite counts from segments of the intestine) are limited by intermittent stool shedding, uneven parasite distribution, sampling error, and lack of longitudinal data. We developed a bioluminescent reporter system for the assemblage B strain GS to enable noninvasive tracking of infection in mice without antibiotic pretreatment. Using\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      bioluminescent imaging (BLI), we observed peak signal in immunocompetent C57BL\/6J and BALB\/c mice at days 6\u20138 post-infection, followed by return to baseline by ~day 10, consistent with the self-limiting nature of giardiasis. In immunodeficient mice, radiance increased and persisted over time, demonstrating stable luciferase expression during chronic infection\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      without continuous antibiotic selection. Whole-animal radiance strongly correlated with direct trophozoite counts from excised intestinal segments (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.915,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), validating BLI as a useful alternative for determining parasite burden. Together, these findings establish BLI as a robust platform for longitudinal studies of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection dynamics and for future applications that may examine host immunity, the microbiota, nutrient-dependent effects, and drug testing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00144-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:01:36Z","timestamp":1781524896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    infection dynamics using bioluminescent\n                    <i>Giardia 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