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Motility and chemotaxis contribute to the invasiveness of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n            and play important roles in the process of the disease. Recent reports have shown that motility is required for establishing infection in mammals. However, the role of chemotaxis in virulence remains elusive. Our previous studies showed that\n            <jats:italic>cheA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            , a gene encoding a histidine kinase, is essential for the chemotaxis of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n            . In this report, the\n            <jats:italic>cheA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            gene was inactivated in a low-passage-number virulent strain of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. burgdorferi. In vitro<\/jats:named-content>\n            analyses (microscopic observations, computer-based bacterial tracking analysis, swarm plate assays, and capillary tube assays) showed that the\n            <jats:italic>cheA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            mutant failed to reverse and constantly ran in one direction; the mutant was nonchemotactic to attractants. Mouse needle infection studies showed that the\n            <jats:italic>cheA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            mutant failed to infect either immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice and was quickly eliminated from the initial inoculation sites. Tick-mouse infection studies revealed that although the mutant was able to survive in ticks, it failed to establish a new infection in mice via tick bites. The altered phenotypes were completely restored when the mutant was complemented. Collectively, these data demonstrate that\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n            needs chemotaxis to establish mammalian infection and to accomplish its natural enzootic cycle.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00145-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]],"date-time":"2012-04-17T05:26:55Z","timestamp":1334640415000},"page":"2485-2492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Borrelia burgdorferi Needs Chemotaxis To Establish Infection in Mammals and To Accomplish Its Enzootic Cycle"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Ching Wooen","family":"Sze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Kariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20132006","volume":"57","author":"Bacon RM","year":"2008","unstructured":"BaconRMKugelerKJMeadPS. 2008. 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