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We previously observed that \u03b3\u03b4 T cells<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>are activated by<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>in a TLR2-dependent manner. We now observe that the activated \u03b3\u03b4 T cells can in turn stimulate dendritic cells<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>to produce cytokines and chemokines that are important for the adaptive immune response. This suggested that<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4 T cells may assist in activating the adaptive immune response. We examined this possibility<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and observed that \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are activated and expand in number during<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>infection, and this was reduced in the absence of TLR2. Furthermore, in the absence of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, there was a significantly blunted response of adaptive immunity, as reflected in reduced expansion of T and B cells and reduced serum levels of anti-<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines. This paralleled a greater<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>burden in \u03b3\u03b4-deficient mice as well as more cardiac inflammation. These findings are consistent with a model of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells functioning to promote the adaptive immune response during infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00148-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,19]],"date-time":"2011-07-19T00:34:51Z","timestamp":1311035691000},"page":"3940-3946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Reduced Immune Response to Borrelia burgdorferi in the Absence of \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Cuixia","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0068"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikash","family":"Sahay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York 12208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Q.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0068"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Fortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0068"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Hardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0068"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Sellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York 12208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph C.","family":"Budd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0068"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5303","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.10.5303","article-title":"Dendritic cells are resistant to apoptosis through the Fas (CD95\/APO-1) pathway","volume":"163","author":"Ashany D.","year":"1999","unstructured":"AshanyD.SavirA.BhardwajN.ElkonK. 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