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The vast majority of efforts to understand the genus have been addressed in studies with<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>. The biological differentiation between<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is important because there are distinctions in the sources of infection, treatments, and the course of disease. Likewise, the importance of studying NTM is not only due to its clinical significance but also due to the mechanisms by which some species are pathogenic while others are not.<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:named-content>complex (MAC) is the most important group of NTM opportunistic pathogens, since it is the second largest medical complex in the genus after the<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>complex. Here, we evaluated the virulence and immune response of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. avium<\/jats:named-content>subsp.<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">avium<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Mycobacterium colombiense<\/jats:named-content>, using experimental models of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis and subcutaneous infection in BALB\/c mice. Mice infected intratracheally with a high dose of MAC strains showed high expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase with rapid bacillus elimination and numerous granulomas, but without lung consolidation during late infection in coexistence with high expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, subcutaneous infection showed high production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1 and gamma interferon with relatively low production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-4, which efficiently eliminate the bacilli but maintain extensive inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, MAC infection evokes different immune and inflammatory responses depending on the MAC species and affected tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00150-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T01:58:53Z","timestamp":1376963933000},"page":"4001-4012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Virulence and Immune Response Induced by Mycobacterium avium Complex Strains in a Model of Progressive Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Subcutaneous Infection in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medicine School, National University of Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"},{"name":"Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"},{"name":"PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Mari\u00f1o-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medicine School, National University of Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"},{"name":"Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Parra-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medicine School, National University of Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Isabel","family":"Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medicine School, National University of Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Marquina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Mata-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadira","family":"Rodriguez-M\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermina J.","family":"Baay-Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Oncology, Pediatrics Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Huerta-Yepez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Oncology, Pediatrics Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogelio","family":"Hernandez-Pando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-2-590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Euz\u00e9byJP. 2013. 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