{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:47:47Z","timestamp":1791899267492,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23KF0152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KF0152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Providencia alcalifaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a gut commensal bacterium and also an emerging enteric pathogen associated with sporadic infections and outbreak cases in humans. The most notable outbreak caused by this bacterium occurred in 1996 in Fukui Prefecture, Japan, affecting 270 individuals. However, the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for this outbreak remain unknown. In this study, we identified the key virulence determinants of the Fukui outbreak strains through genomic and functional analyses. These strains uniquely carry a ~162 kb large plasmid encoding a type III secretion system (T3SS) closely homologous to the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      SPI-1 T3SS. We also show that the plasmid-encoded T3SS (T3SSp) constitutes a functional secretion system and is essential for the pathogenicity of the Fukui outbreak strain, including the invasion of cultured epithelial cells and the induction of diarrhea in a rabbit model. Secretome analysis identified effectors secreted in a T3SSp-dependent manner, among which PipA\u2014sharing limited sequence similarity with SipA, a SPI-1 T3SS effector\u2014plays a crucial role in inducing diarrhea. Ectopic expression of PipA in HeLa cells caused focal accumulation of F-actin, indicating its cytoskeleton-modulating activity. Comparative genomics with other\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Providencia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species revealed the dissemination of the large plasmid, with structural variations among enteropathogenic strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. alcalifaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Providencia rustigianii<\/jats:italic>\n                      associated with clinical cases in humans and animals. Thus, our findings underscore the molecular basis of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. alcalifaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathogenicity in the Fukui outbreak and highlight the significance of the large plasmids encoding T3SS in driving pathogenic evolution among\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Providencia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00151-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:29:03Z","timestamp":1788366543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A plasmid-encoded T3SS underlies the virulence of enteropathogenic\n                    <i>Providencia alcalifaciens<\/i>\n                    strains isolated from a large foodborne outbreak in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayedul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035t8zc32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, The University of Osaka","place":["Osaka, Japan"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k5zb271","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8430-9723","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shigeaki","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035t8zc32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for 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