{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:37:59Z","timestamp":1753882679710,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AuthorWarrantyLicense.v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"MOHW | Food and Drug Administration"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Babesia microti,<\/jats:italic>\n            an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasite, is the primary causative agent of human babesiosis and an emerging threat to public health in the United States and elsewhere. An effective vaccine against\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            would reduce disease severity in acute babesiosis patients and shorten the parasitemic period in asymptomatic individuals, thereby minimizing the risk of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis. Here we report on immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and correlates of immunity following immunization with four immunodominant recombinantly produced\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens\u2014Serine Reactive Antigen 1 (SERA1), Maltese Cross Form Related Protein 1 (MCFRP1), Piroplasm \u03b2-Strand Domain 1 (Pi\u03b2S1), and\n            <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n            Alpha Helical Cell Surface Protein 1 (BAHCS1)\u2014delivered subcutaneously in Montanide ISA 51\/CpG adjuvant in three doses to BALB\/c mice. Following\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            parasite challenge, BAHCS1 led to the highest reduction in peak parasitemia (67.8%), followed by SERA1 (44.8%) and MCFRP1 (41.9%); Pi\u03b2S1 (27.6%) had minimal protective effect. All four\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens induced high ELISA total IgG and each isotype; however, antibody levels did not directly correlate with anti-parasitic activity in mice. Increased prechallenge levels of some cell populations including follicular helper T cells (T\n            <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n            ) and memory B cells, along with a set of six cytokines [IL-1\u03b1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-12(p40), and G-CSF] that belong to both innate and adaptive immune responses, were generally associated with protective immunity. Our results indicate that mechanisms driving recombinant\n            <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n            antigen-induced immunity are complex and multifactorial. We think that BAHCS1 warrants further evaluation in preclinical studies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00162-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T13:00:35Z","timestamp":1695214835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protective efficacy and correlates of immunity of immunodominant recombinant\n            <i>Babesia microti<\/i>\n            antigens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4415-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Meredith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Majam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adovi","family":"Akue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"KuKuruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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