{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:10:08Z","timestamp":1791407408348,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Enterotoxigenic\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            (ETEC) strains are a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans and animals. Adhesins and enterotoxins, including heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (STa) toxins, are the key virulence factors. Antigenic adhesin and LT antigens have been used in developing vaccines against ETEC diarrhea. However, STa has not been included because of its poor immunogenicity and potent toxicity. Our recent study showed that porcine-type STa toxoids became immunogenic and elicited neutralizing anti-STa antibodies after being genetically fused to a full-length porcine-type LT toxoid, LT\n            <jats:sub>R192G<\/jats:sub>\n            (W. Zhang et al., Infect. Immun. 78:316-325, 2010). In this study, we mutated human-type LT and STa genes, which are highly homologous to porcine-type toxin genes, for a full-length LT toxoid (LT\n            <jats:sub>R192G<\/jats:sub>\n            ) and a full-length STa toxoid (STa\n            <jats:sub>P13F<\/jats:sub>\n            ) and genetically fused them to produce LT\n            <jats:sub>192<\/jats:sub>\n            -STa\n            <jats:sub>13<\/jats:sub>\n            toxoid fusions. Mice immunized with LT\n            <jats:sub>192<\/jats:sub>\n            -STa\n            <jats:sub>13<\/jats:sub>\n            fusion antigens developed anti-LT and anti-STa IgG (in serum and feces) and IgA antibodies (in feces). Moreover, secretory IgA antibodies from immunized mice were shown to neutralize STa and cholera toxins in T-84 cells. In addition, we fused the STa\n            <jats:sub>13<\/jats:sub>\n            toxoid at the N terminus and C terminus, between the A1 and A2 peptides, and between the A and B subunits of LT\n            <jats:sub>192<\/jats:sub>\n            to obtain different fusions in order to explore strategies for enhancing STa immunogenicity. This study demonstrated that human-type LT\n            <jats:sub>192<\/jats:sub>\n            -STa\n            <jats:sub>13<\/jats:sub>\n            fusions induce neutralizing antitoxin antibodies and provided important information for developing toxoid vaccines against human ETEC diarrhea.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00165-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T02:45:19Z","timestamp":1311648319000},"page":"4002-4009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Heat-Labile- and Heat-Stable-Toxoid Fusions (LT\n            <sub>R192G<\/sub>\n            -STa\n            <sub>P13F<\/sub>\n            ) of Human Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Elicit Neutralizing Antitoxin Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary &amp; Biomedical Sciences Department\/The Center for Infectious Disease Research &amp; Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosai","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary &amp; Biomedical Sciences Department\/The Center for Infectious Disease Research &amp; Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary &amp; Biomedical Sciences Department\/The Center for Infectious Disease Research &amp; Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve R.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary &amp; Biomedical Sciences Department\/The Center for Infectious Disease Research &amp; Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary &amp; Biomedical Sciences Department\/The Center for Infectious Disease Research &amp; Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Nataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald C.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary &amp; Biomedical Sciences Department\/The Center for Infectious Disease Research &amp; Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"AusubelF. 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