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MRSA-infected mice were employed for the\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            experiments, and RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with MRSA for the\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            experiments. Macrophage polarization was determined by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR; macrophage phagocytosis was assessed by flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy; cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and western blotting.\n            <jats:italic>Il9<\/jats:italic>\n            deletion markedly elevated macrophage phagocytosis and M2 macrophages in MRSA infection, which was accompanied by elevated expression of\n            <jats:italic>Il10<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Arg1<\/jats:italic>\n            and reduced expression of\n            <jats:italic>Inos<\/jats:italic>\n            , tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (\n            <jats:italic>Tnf\u03b1)<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Il6. Il9<\/jats:italic>\n            deletion also inhibited macrophage apoptosis in MRSA infection, which was manifested by elevated B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein level and reduced protein levels of cleaved cysteine protease 3 (CASPASE-3) and BCL2-Associated X (BAX). Both the\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            experiments further showed the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)\/AKT (also known as protein kinase B, PKB) signaling pathway in MRSA infection and that the regulation of\n            <jats:italic>Il9<\/jats:italic>\n            expression may be dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2\/PI3K pathway. The above results showed that\n            <jats:italic>Il9<\/jats:italic>\n            deletion exhibited a protective role against MRSA infection by promoting M2 polarization and phagocytosis of macrophages and the regulation of\n            <jats:italic>Il9<\/jats:italic>\n            partly owing to the activation of TLR2\/PI3K pathway, proposing a novel therapeutic strategy for MRSA-infected pneumonia.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00166-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T13:16:30Z","timestamp":1695906990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["IL-9 promotes methicillin-resistant\n            <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n            pneumonia by regulating the polarization and phagocytosis of macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihua","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Anhui Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital , Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keyin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Anhui Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital , Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaowen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Anhui Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital , Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Anhui Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital , Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Anhui Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital , Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24911\/SJP.2017.2.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0057-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i30.2980"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmaler M\n. 2010. 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