{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:00Z","timestamp":1791354120132,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intraerythrocytic apicomplexan<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Babesia microti<\/jats:named-content>, the primary causative agent of human babesiosis, is a major public health concern in the United States and elsewhere. Apicomplexans utilize a multiprotein complex that includes a type I membrane protein called apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) to invade host cells. We have isolated the full-length<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. microti<\/jats:named-content>AMA1 (BmAMA1) gene and determined its nucleotide sequence, as well as the amino acid sequence of the AMA1 protein. This protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a short conserved cytoplasmic tail. It shows the same domain organization as the AMA1 orthologs from piroplasm, coccidian, and haemosporidian apicomplexans but differs from all other currently known piroplasmida, including other<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Babesia<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Theileria<\/jats:named-content>species, in lacking two conserved cysteines in highly variable domain III of the extracellular region. Minimal polymorphism was detected in BmAMA1 gene sequences of parasite isolates from six babesiosis patients from Nantucket. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies showed that BmAMA1 is localized on the cell surface and cytoplasm near the apical end of the parasite. Native BmAMA1 from parasite lysate and refolded recombinant BmAMA1 (rBmAMA1) expressed in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>reacted with a mouse anti-BmAMA1 antibody using Western blotting.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>binding studies showed that both native BmAMA1 and rBmAMA1 bind to human red blood cells (RBCs). This binding is trypsin and chymotrypsin treatment sensitive but neuraminidase independent. Incubation of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. microti<\/jats:named-content>parasites in human RBCs with a mouse anti-BmAMA1 antibody inhibited parasite growth by 80% in a 24-h assay. Based on its antigenically conserved nature and potential role in RBC invasion, BmAMA1 should be evaluated as a vaccine candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00168-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]],"date-time":"2015-07-21T02:04:50Z","timestamp":1437444290000},"page":"3890-3901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Expression, Purification, and Biological Characterization of Babesia microti Apical Membrane Antigen 1"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Prasun","family":"Moitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Anantharaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajdeep","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyo","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Kozakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Lepore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Aravind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjai","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80021-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80552-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000195438.09628.b0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02429.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Parasites\u2014babesiosis: 2013 data & statistics","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2015","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Parasites\u2014babesiosis: 2013 data & statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/babesiosis\/data-statistics\/index.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01566-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)90096-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02175.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01703-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501808102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.092619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01416-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2193"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280290"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/prep.2002.1628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7250-7253.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.14.2994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2013.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800028200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307318101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05180-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(63)90042-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio233260a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5822-5826.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003300"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-62"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321818111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8009226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90112-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.7078-7086.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701464104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.2628-2636.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2947-2955.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00969-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110303108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7180-7189.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5388-5394.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.362-368.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000322"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000941"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3552"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00326-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004670"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.124.4.1566","article-title":"Babesia rodhaini interactions with complement: relationship to parasitic entry into red cells","volume":"124","author":"Jack RM","year":"1980","unstructured":"Jack RM, Ward PA. 1980. Babesia rodhaini interactions with complement: relationship to parasitic entry into red cells. J Immunol 124:1566\u20131573.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.124.4.1574","article-title":"The role in vivo of C3 and the C3b receptor in babesial infection in the rat","volume":"124","author":"Jack RM","year":"1980","unstructured":"Jack RM, Ward PA. 1980. The role in vivo of C3 and the C3b receptor in babesial infection in the rat. J Immunol 124:1574\u20131578.","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00168-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00168-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T10:38:13Z","timestamp":1691836693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00168-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"J. H.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00168-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00168-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-02-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-07-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-09-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}