{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:40:43Z","timestamp":1791409243383,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            During advanced stages of inhalation anthrax,\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            accumulates at high levels in the bloodstream of the infected host. This bacteremia leads to sepsis during late-stage anthrax; however, the mechanisms through which\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            -derived factors contribute to the pathology of infected hosts are poorly defined. Peptidoglycan, a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, can provoke symptoms of sepsis in animal models. We have previously shown that peptidoglycan of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines by cells in human blood. Here, we show that biologically active peptidoglycan is shed from an active culture of encapsulated\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            strain Ames in blood. Peptidoglycan is able to bind to surfaces of responding cells, and internalization of peptidoglycan is required for the production of inflammatory cytokines. We also show that the peptidoglycan traffics to lysosomes, and lysosomal function is required for cytokine production. We conclude that peptidoglycan of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            is initially bound by an unknown extracellular receptor, is phagocytosed, and traffics to lysosomes, where it is degraded to a product recognized by an intracellular receptor. Binding of the peptidoglycan product to the intracellular receptor causes a proinflammatory response. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            triggers sepsis during a critical stage of anthrax disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00170-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,23]],"date-time":"2010-03-23T02:24:18Z","timestamp":1269311058000},"page":"2418-2428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Inflammatory Cytokine Response to\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            Peptidoglycan Requires Phagocytosis and Lysosomal Trafficking"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Janaki K.","family":"Iyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taruna","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Pathogens, Division of Bacterial Products, CBER, FDA, Building 29, Room 419, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marybeth","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 853, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy D.","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan P.","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tod J.","family":"Merkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Pathogens, Division of Bacterial Products, CBER, FDA, Building 29, Room 419, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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